Functionalized surgical adhesives

ABSTRACT

A bioadherent composition includes a first mixture containing a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair, said reactive members being bound to a ligand capable of binding a receptor on biological tissue, and a second mixture containing a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, said complementary reactive members being bound to a ligand capable of binding a receptor on biological tissue, said reactive members capable of forming covalent bonds with said complementary reactive members via a reaction selected from Huisgen cycloaddition reactions, Diels-Alder reactions, and/or thiol-alkene reactions. A method for bonding biological tissue involves utilizing the bioadherent composition.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/154,378 filed Feb. 21, 2009.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

Adhesive modalities for repair of biological tissues.

2. Related Art

Techniques for repairing damaged or diseased tissue are widespread in medicine. Wound closure devices such as sutures, staples and other repair devices such as mesh or patch reinforcements are frequently used for repair. Surgical adhesives have been used to augment and, in some cases, replace sutures and staples in wound closure. Unfortunately, the use of such sutures or staples may increase the patient's discomfort and, in certain instances, there may be a risk of weakening thin or delicate tissue where they are attached. Surgical adhesives such as cyanoacrylates and fibrin glues have been used as fixatives in lieu of, or in addition to, suturing or stapling. However, fibrin adhesives can be difficult to prepare and store. Cyanoacrylates may cause irritation at the point of application and may not provide a sufficient degree of elasticity. In addition, surgical adhesives can tend to form a physical barrier between the item or items being attached to biological tissue, thus interfering with tissue ingrowth into the item when ingrowth is desired. There is a continuing need to generate improvements in tissue repair technology and advance the state of the art.

Click chemistry is a popular term for reliable reactions that make it possible for certain chemical building blocks to “click” together and form an irreversible linkage. See, e.g., US Pub. No. 2005/0222427. Copper-free click chemistry was recently developed by Bertozzi and colleagues using difluorinated cyclooctyne or DIFO, that reacts with azides rapidly at physiological temperatures without the need for a toxic catalyst. See, e.g., Baskin et al., Copper Free Click Chemistry for Dynamic In Vivo Imaging, PNAS, vol. 104, no. 43, 16793-16797 (Oct. 23, 2007). The critical reagent, a substituted cyclooctyne, possesses ring strain and electron-withdrawing fluorine substituents that together promote a [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition with azides. See also, US Pub. No. 2006/0110782 and Codelli et al., Second Generation Difluorinated Cyclooctynes for Copper-Free Click Chemistry, J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 130, no. 34, 11486-11493 (2008). Another suitable cyclooctyne is 6,7-dimethoxyazacyclooct-4-yne (DIMAC). See, Sletton and Bertozzi, A hydrophilic azacyclooctyne for Cu-free click chemistry, Org. Lett. (2008) 10 (14), 3097-3099. Other click chemistry reactions include Diels-Alder reactions, thiol-alkene reactions, and maleimide-thiol reactions.

SUMMARY

A method for bonding biological tissue is provided which includes providing a first mixture containing a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair, providing a second mixture containing a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, applying the first mixture to a first biological tissue surface to affix the reactive members to the first biological tissue surface, applying the second mixture to a second biological tissue surface to affix the complementary reactive members to the second biological tissue surface, wherein upon contact of the reactive members on the first biological tissue surface with the complimentary reactive members on the second biological tissue surface, covalent bonds are formed between the reactive members and the complementary reactive members, thus adhering the first biological tissue surface to the second biological tissue surface.

A bioadherent composition is provided which includes a first mixture containing a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair, said reactive members being bound to a ligand capable of binding a receptor on biological tissue, and a second mixture containing a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, said complementary reactive members being bound to a ligand capable of binding a receptor on biological tissue, said reactive members capable of forming covalent bonds with said complementary reactive members via a reaction selected from a Huisgen cycloaddition, a Diels-Alder reaction, and/or a thiol-alkene reaction.

A kit is provided which includes a first container containing a first mixture containing a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair, said reactive members being bound to a ligand capable of binding a receptor on biological tissue, a second container containing a second mixture containing a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, said complementary reactive members being bound to a ligand capable of binding a receptor on biological tissue, said reactive members capable of forming covalent bonds with said complementary reactive members via a reaction selected from Huisgen cycloaddition, Diels-Alder reactions, and/or a thiol-alkene reaction, and at least one dispenser for delivering the first mixture or the second mixture to the surface of biological tissue.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A surgical adhesive system is provided which covalently bonds reactive members of a specific binding pair to one another via click chemistry. Click chemistry refers to a collection of reactive members having a high chemical potential energy capable of producing highly selective, high yield reactions. The reactive members react to form extremely reliable molecular connections in most solvents, including physiologic fluids, and often do not interfere with other reagents and reactions. Examples of click chemistry reactions include Huisgen cycloaddition, Diels-Alder reactions, thiol-alkene reactions, and maleimide-thiol reactions.

Huisgen cycloaddition is the reaction of a dipolarophile with a 1,3-dipolar compound that leads to 5-membered (hetero)cycles. Examples of dipolarophiles are alkenes and alkynes and molecules that possess related heteroatom functional groups (such as carbonyls and nitriles). 1,3-Dipolar compounds contain one or more heteroatoms and can be described as having at least one mesomeric structure that represents a charged dipole. They include nitril oxides, azides, and diazoalkanes. Metal catalyzed click chemistry is an extremely efficient variant of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between alkyl-aryly-sulfonyl azides, C—N triple bonds and C—C triple bonds which is well-suited herein. The results of these reactions are 1,2 oxazoles, 1,2,3 triazoles or tetrazoles. For example, 1,2,3 triazoles are formed by a copper catalyzed Huisgen reaction between alkynes and alkyl/aryl azides. Metal catalyzed Huisgen reactions proceed at ambient temperature, are not sensitive to solvents, i.e., nonpolar, polar, semipolar, and are highly tolerant of functional groups. Non-metal Huisgen reactions (also referred to as strain promoted cycloaddition) involving use of a substituted cyclooctyne, which possesses ring strain and electron-withdrawing substituents such as fluorine, that together promote a [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition with azides are especially well-suited for use herein due to low toxicity as compared to the metal catalyzed reactions. Examples include DIFO and DIMAC. Reaction of the alkynes and azides is very specific and essentially inert against the chemical environment of biological tissues. One reaction scheme may be represented as:

where R is a component of a first biological tissue and R′ is a component of a second biological tissue. Alternatively, R′ is a component of a first biological tissue and R is a component of a second biological tissue.

The Diels-Alder reaction combines a diene (a molecule with two alternating double bonds) and a dienophile (an alkene) to make rings and bicyclic compounds. Examples include:

The thiol-alkene (thiol-ene) reaction is a hydrothiolation, i.e., addition of RS—H across a C═C bond. The thiol-ene reaction proceeds via a free-radical chain mechanism. Initiation occurs by radical formation upon UV excitation of a photoinitiator or the thiol itself. Thiol-ene systems form ground state charge transfer complexes and therefore photopolymerize even in the absence of initiators in reasonable polymerization times. However, the addition of UV light increases the speed at which the reaction proceeds. The wavelength of the light can be modulated as needed, depending upon the size and nature of the constituents attached to the thiol or alkene. A general thiol-ene coupling reaction mechanism is represented below:

In accordance with the disclosure herein, a first mixture is provided with a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair attached to a plurality of ligands. The ligands may be the same or different. When the first mixture is contacted with a first biological tissue, the ligands bind to predetermined receptors on the tissue, thus affixing the reactive members of the specific binding pair to the tissue. A second mixture is provided with a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair attached to a plurality of ligands. As above, the ligands may be the same or different. When the second mixture is contacted with a second biological tissue, the ligands bind to predetermined receptors on the second tissue, thus affixing the complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair to the second tissue. The first biological tissue is contacted with the second biological tissue so as to cause the reactive members on the first tissue to contact the complementary reactive members on the second tissue, and covalent attachment occurs between the members of the specific binding pair, thus adhering the first biological tissue to the second biological tissue.

In embodiments, the reactive members may be either a dipolarophile or a 1,3 dipolar compound depending on which complement is applied to the target tissue. For example, if a dipolarphile is located on the first tissue, the 1,3 dipolar compound will be located on the second tissue. If a dipolarphile is located on the second tissue, the 1,3 dipolar compound will be located on the first tissue. In embodiments, the Diels-Alder members of a specific binding pair may be either a diene and a dienophile depending on which complement is applied to the first tissue or the second tissue. For example, if a diene is located on the first tissue, the dienophile can be located on the second tissue. If a diene is located on the second tissue, the dienophile can be located on the first tissue. In embodiments, the thiol-ene members of a specific binding pair may be either a thiol and an alkene depending on which complement is applied to the first tissue or the second tissue. For example, if a thiol is located on the first tissue, the alkene can be located on the second tissue. If a thiol is located on the second tissue, the alkene can be located on the first tissue.

Biological tissue is provided with reactive members or complementary reactive members of a specific binding pair by conjugation to various components of tissue such as proteins, lipids, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides, glycans, including glycosaminoglycans. In one embodiment, the reactive members or complementary reactive members are attached directly to components of the tissue. In another embodiment, the reactive members or complementary reactive members are attached to components of the tissue via a linker. The linker may include a ligand as described above and in more detail below. In either case, situating the reactive members or complementary reactive members on the tissue can be accomplished by suspending the reactive members or complementary reactive members in a solution or suspension and applying the solution or suspension to the tissue such that the reactive member or complementary reactive members binds to a target either directly or through a linker. The solution or suspension may be poured, sprayed or painted onto the tissue, whereupon the reactive members are incorporated into the tissue.

1,3-Dipolar compounds can be incorporated into proteins, lipids, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides and glycans using, e.g., metabolic machinery, covalent inhibitors and enzymatic transfers. For example, an azido group, N₃, can be applied at the N-terminus of proteins or peptides using azidoacetyl chloride. See, e.g., Haridas, et al., Tetrahedron Letters 48 (2007) 4719-4722. The azido group is a nucleophilic group that will exchange with other nucleophilic groups, e.g., OH, NH₂ and halogens (Br, Cl, or I). NaN₃ is an azidizing agent which is capable of aziding proteins by simply contacting the proteins with a 10 times molar excess of NaN₃. A process for C-terminal azidization is described in Cazalis, et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 15 (2004) 1005-1009. Incubation of cells with peracetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine provides cell surface glycans with azido sialic acid. See, e.g., Codelli et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 130 (34) 11486-11493 (2008). Azido-tagged lipids are described in Smith, et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 19 (9), 1855-1863 (2008). PEGylation is a commonly used technique for adding groups to to peptides and proteins and is suitable for use herein. For example, PEG may be covalently bound to amino acid residues via a reactive group. Reactive groups (as opposed to reactive members herein) are those to which an activated PEG molecule may be bound (e. g., a free amino or carboxyl group). For example, N-terminal amino acid residues and lysine (K) residues have a free amino group and C-terminal amino acid residues have a free carboxyl group. Sulfhydryl groups (e. g., as found on cysteine residues) may also be used as a reactive group for attaching PEG. In addition, enzyme-assisted methods for introducing activated groups (e.g., hydrazide, aldehyde, and aromatic-amino groups) specifically at the C-terminus of a polypeptide. Accordingly, PEG incorporating 1,3-dipolar compounds may be utilized herein. Those skilled in the art can utilize any known process for coupling a 1,3-dipolar compound into proteins, lipids, ligosaccharides, oligonucleotides and glycans.

Dipolarophile functionalized proteins and peptides can be synthesized by linking at the N-terminus with, for example, an alkyne (e.g., 3 butynyl chloroformate) in connection with a tripeptide (GlyGlyArg). See, Dirks, et al., supra. A suitable tripeptide herein is the well-known cell adhesion sequence RGD. It should be understood that, as used herein, “proteins” is intended to encompass peptides and polypeptides. In one embodiment, thiols on cysteines are functionalized with alkyne bearing maleimide. Id. Providing a C-terminal dipolarophile can be accomplished, e.g., by coupling with propargylamine using a cross-linking agent such as N-hydroxysuccinimide/DCC. See, e.g., Haridas, et al. supra. Terminal alkynes can be installed using metabolic building blocks such as alkynoic acids. Lipids may be functionalized with alkynes. For example, alkyne modified fatty acids can be generated by reaction of terminal alkynyl-alkyl bromide with trimethyl phosphine to yield a 16 carbon alkynyl-dimethylphosphonate. See, e.g., Raghavan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18 (2008) 5982-5986. As above, PEGylation may be used for adding dipolarophile groups to to peptides and proteins and is suitable for use herein. Diels-Alder functionalities and thiol-ene functionalities are likewise attached to proteins, lipids, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides and glycans.

As previously stated, the reactive members or complementary reactive members may be also attached to biological tissue via a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker includes a ligand which bears a reactive member or complementary reactive member. The ligand binds to a desired target on the tissue and thus provides a vehicle for transporting and indirectly binding the reactive member to the tissue. The ligand herein is any molecule or combination of molecules which demonstrates an affinity for a target. Examples of ligands include nucleic acid probes, antibodies, hapten conjugates, and cell adhesion peptides such as RGD. The mechanisms involved in obtaining and using such ligands are well-known. In embodiments, reactive members or complementary reactive members are incorporated into saccharides or polysaccharides and metabolically incorporated into cells. See, e.g., Baskin et al., supra.

Antibodies that specifically recognize antigens are useful in accordance with one embodiment herein. Antibodies which are conjugated to a reactive member or complementary reactive member are utilized to bind to proteins located on tissue. Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are raised against an antigen which can be any component of biological tissue and then purified using conventional techniques. The term “antibody” is intended to include whole antibodies, e.g., of any isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, etc.), and to include fragments thereof which are also specifically reactive with a vertebrate, e.g., mammalian, protein. Antibodies may be fragmented using conventional techniques and the fragments screened for utility in the same manner as for whole antibodies. Thus, the term includes segments of proteolytically-cleaved or recombinantly-prepared portions of an antibody molecule that are capable of selectively reacting with a certain protein. Non-limiting examples of such proteolytic and/or recombinant fragments include Fab, F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fv, and single chain antibodies (scFv) containing a V[L] and/or V[H] domain joined by a peptide linker. The scFv's may be covalently or non-covalently linked to form antibodies having two or more binding sites. The present disclosure includes polyclonal, monoclonal or other purified preparations of antibodies and recombinant antibodies.

After purification, the ligands, e.g., antibodies, nucleic acid probes, hapten conjugates and cell adhesion peptides are conjugated or linked to reactive members or complementary reactive members in the manners described above. In addition, reactive members or complementary reactive members can be linked to ligands by cross-linking procedures which, in accordance with the present invention, do not cause denaturing or misfolding of the ligands. The terms “linked” or “conjugated” as used herein are used interchangeably and are intended to include any or all of the mechanisms known in the art for coupling the reactive members or complementary reactive members to the ligand. For example, any chemical or enzymatic linkage known to those with skill in the art is contemplated including those which result from photoactivation and the like. Homofunctional and heterobifunctional cross linkers are all suitable. Reactive groups (distinguishable from reactive members or complementary reactive members herein) which can be cross-linked with a cross-linker include primary amines, sulfhydryls, carbonyls, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids.

Cross-linkers are conventionally available with varying lengths of spacer arms or bridges. Cross-linkers suitable for reacting with primary amines include homobifunctional cross-linkers such as imidoesters and N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) esters. Examples of imidoester cross-linkers include dimethyladipimidate, dimethylpimelimidate, and dimethylsuberimidate. Examples of NHS-ester cross-linkers include disuccinimidyl glutamate, disucciniminidyl suberate and bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate. Accessible amine groups present on the N-termini of peptides react with NHS-esters to form amides. NHS-ester cross-linking reactions can be conducted in phosphate, bicarbonate/carbonate, HEPES and borate buffers. Other buffers can be used if they do not contain primary amines. The reaction of NHS-esters with primary amines should be conducted at a pH of between about 7 and about 9 and a temperature between about 4° C. and 30° C. for about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. The concentration of NHS-ester cross-linker can vary from about 0.1 to about 10 mM. NHS-esters are either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Hydrophilic NHS-esters are reacted in aqueous solutions although DMSO may be included to achieve greater solubility. Hydrophobic NHS-esters are dissolved in a water miscible organic solvent and then added to the aqueous reaction mixture.

Sulfhydryl reactive cross-linkers include maleimides, alkyl halides, aryl halides and a-haloacyls which react with sulfhydryls to form thiol ether bonds and pyridyl disulfides which react with sulfhydryls to produce mixed disulfides. Sulfhydryl groups on peptides and proteins can be generated by techniques known to those with skill in the art, e.g., by reduction of disulfide bonds or addition by reaction with primary amines using 2-iminothiolane. Examples of maleimide cross-linkers include succinimidyl 4-{N-maleimido-methyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate and m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Examples of haloacetal cross-linkers include N-succinimidyl (4-iodoacetal) aminobenzoate and sulfosuccinimidyl (4-iodoacetal) aminobenzoate. Examples of pyridyl disulfide cross-linkers include 1,4-Di-[3′-2′-pyridyldithio(propionamido)butane] and N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate.

Carboxyl groups are cross-linked to primary amines or hydrazides by using carbodimides which result in formation of amide or hydrazone bonds. In this manner, carboxy-termini of peptides or proteins can be linked. Examples of carbodiimide cross-linkers include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride and N, N¹-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Arylazide cross-linkers become reactive when exposed to ultraviolet radiation and form aryl nitrene. Examples of arylazide cross-linkers include azidobenzoyl hydrazide and N-5-azido-2 nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide. Glyoxal cross linkers target the guanidyl portion of arginine. An example of a glyoxal cross-linker is p-azidophenyl glyoxal monohydrate.

Heterobifunctional cross-linkers which possess two or more different reactive groups are suitable for use herein. Examples include cross-linkers which are amine-reactive at one end and sulfhydryl-reactive at the other end such as 4-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-a-(2-pyridyldithio)-toluene, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate and the maleimide cross-linkers discussed above.

Attachment of reactive members to the biological tissue functionalizes the tissue such that upon exposure to their complementary reactive members which are situated on opposing tissue, they are activated and form a covalent bond, thus adhering the first tissue to the second tissue. In one embodiment, a linker between the product of the reactive members or complementary reactive members and the biological tissue is degradable, e.g., by hydrolysis or enzymatic action. In this manner, tissue bonding can be removable after a period of time. The degradable linkage may be chelates or chemically or enzymatically hydrolyzable or absorbable. Illustrative chemically hydrolyzable degradable linkages include polymers, copolymers and oligomers of glycolide, dl-lactide, 1-lactide, caprolactone, dioxanone, and tritnethylene carbonate. Illustrative enzymatically hydrolyzable biodegradable linkages include peptidic linkages cleavable by metalloproteinases and collagenases. Additional illustrative degradable linkages include polymers and copolymers of poly(hydroxy acid)s, poly(orthocarbonate)s, poly(anhydride)s, poly(lactone)s, poly(amino acid)s, poly(carbonate)s, poly(saccharide)s and poly(phosphonate)s. In certain embodiments, the degradable linkage may contain ester linkages. Some non-limiting examples include esters of succinic acid, glutaric acid, propionic acid, adipic acid, or amino acids, as well as carboxymethyl esters.

The ligand solution could be sterilized by any known method, e.g., irradiation, ethylene oxide, filtration in sterile conditions on a 0.22 um filter and the like.

Adhesives herein may be used in a variety of applications. In one embodiment, the first mixture is a liquid, functionalized with a plurality of reactive members of a binding pair, which is applied on surfaces of a first tissue in need of closure. Corresponding complementary second tissue which is intended to be bound to surfaces of the first tissue is treated with the complementary reactive member as described above. The first and second target tissues are treated by spraying, painting or pouring a solution or suspension containing the reactive members or complementary reactive members of a binding pair on to the respective tissue. Ligands associated with the reactive members bind to their predetermined targets on the tissue, thereby anchoring the reactive members and complementary reactive members on the tissue. The reactive members and the complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair react specifically together to form covalent bonds, providing adhesion between the first tissue and the second tissue. In certain embodiments, two opposing tissue surfaces are pretreated and functionalized, and then contacted to form bonds to both opposing surfaces. Some applications include using the present adhesive system to bind tissue together either as an adjunct to or as a replacement of sutures, staples, tapes and/or bandages.

A kit for a functionalized surgical adhevsives herein includes a first container, which optionally functions as an applicator, containing a mixture which is a solution or suspension that includes a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair, the reactive members having a functionality that will adhere them to biological tissue upon contact. The kit includes a second container, which optionally functions as an applicator, containing a mixture which is a solution or suspension that includes a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, the complementary reactive members having a functionality that will adhere them to biological tissue upon contact. The kit may optionally include a container which contains a catalyst for causing the reactive members of a specific binding pair to bind with the complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair. The catalyst may be a metal. In embodiments, the container is a microwave or ultraviolet radiation generator.

It should be understood that variations can be made to the above embodiments that are with the purview of ordinary skill in the art. For example, other click chemistry reactions are suitable for use herein, e.g., staudinger reaction of phosphines with alkyl azides. Accordingly, those skilled in the art can envision modifications which are included within the scope of the claimed invention that are not expressly set forth herein. 

1-45. (canceled)
 46. A bioadherent composition which comprises: a first mixture containing a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair, said reactive members being bound to a first ligand capable of binding a first receptor on biological tissue; and a second mixture containing a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, said complementary reactive members being bound to a second ligand capable of binding a second receptor on biological tissue, said reactive members capable of forming covalent bonds with said complementary reactive members via a reaction selected from the group consisting of Huisgen cycloaddition reaction, a Diels-Alder reaction and a thiol-ene reaction.
 47. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the members of the specific binding pair bind to one another via a Huisgen cycloaddition reaction, a Diels-Alder reaction and a thiol-ene reaction.
 48. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the members of the specific binding pair are alkynes and azides.
 49. The bioadherent composition according to claim 48 wherein the reactive member is an alkyne and the complementary reactive member is an azide.
 50. The bioadherent composition according to claim 48 wherein the reactive members is an azide and the complementary reactive member is an alkyne.
 51. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the reaction is catalyzed by copper to activate an alkyne and an azide for [3+2] cycloaddition.
 52. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the reaction involves a cyclooctyne reagent and an azide for [3+2] cycloaddition.
 53. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the members of the specific binding pair are thiols and alkenes.
 54. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the members of the specific binding pair are dienes and alkenes.
 55. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the first ligand is an RGD linker.
 56. The bioadherent composition according to claim 55 wherein the second ligand is an RGD linker.
 57. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the first ligand is selected from the group consisting of antibody, Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fv, single chain antibody (SCA) and single complementary-determining region (CDR).
 58. The bioadherent composition according to claim 57 wherein the second ligand is selected from the group consisting of antibody, Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fv, single chain antibody (SCA) and single complementary-determining region (CDR).
 59. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the first receptor is selected from the group consisting of peptides, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides and lipids.
 60. The bioadherent composition according to claim 59 wherein the second receptor is selected from the group consisting of peptides, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides and lipids.
 61. The bioadherent composition according to claim 46 wherein the first ligand is capable of bonding to the first receptor on biological tissue to form a bond which is degradable by hydrolysis or enzymatic action.
 62. The bioadherent composition according to claim 61 wherein the second ligand is capable of bonding to the second receptor on biological tissue to form a bond which is degradable by hydrolysis or enzymatic action. 